This activity begins after the software fails to execute properly and concludes by solving the problem and successfully testing the software. Discuss. Equivalence Partitioning Testing - Equivalence Partitioning also called as equivalence class partitioning. These documents are discussed as follows. And software testing is the execution of the software to find defects. Testing is the most common quality assurance strategy applied in software development. Testing can be done both manually or with the help of automated tools. Integration testing is of four types: (i) Top-down (ii) Bottom-up (iii) Sandwich (iv) Big-Bang. Testing can be time-consuming. In software engineering, an initial prototype of a software product is referred to as alpha testing. To get problems and defects before final release of the product, beta testing is very helpful. An alpha prototype is the first version of a product, and beta prototypes are early versions for testing. Beta Testing: Beta testing is used to assess the product by exposing it to the real end-users, usually called beta testers in their environment. 5 minute read. 1. GATE CS 2011 Software Engineering. Hence System Testing is Blackbox Testing. The conventional Engineering Process is a process that majorly involves science, mathematics, and empirical knowledge. Software testing can be stated as the process of verifying and validating whether a software or application is bug-free, meets the technical requirements as guided by its design and development, and meets the user requirements effectively and efficiently by handling all the exceptional and boundary cases. Alpha TestingAlpha testing is testing of an application when development is about to complete. . Alpha Testing is a type of software testing performed to identify bugs before releasing the. Beta Tests are done by real people that use the software program inside a real atmosphere. Type of Environment. As per ANSI/IEEE 1059, Testing in Software Engineering is a process of evaluating a software product to find whether the current software product meets the required conditions or not. CAST: Acronym. Alpha testing is more thorough than all previous tests, and tests the overall software product end-to-end. Development weeks 2-3. In software engineering, software testing is the step-by-step process of evaluating and verifying the working process of the software product or application what it is supposed to do. Here are some of the popular project size estimation techniques used in software engineering: Expert Judgment: In this technique, a group of experts in the relevant field estimates the project size based on. In Software Engineering, Application. The purpose of unit testing is to validate that each unit of the software works as intended and meets the requirements. It is a detailed document, which describes software testing areas and activities. It also discusses the role of testing in software quality assurance and software engineering. Reliability Testing is a testing technique that relates to test the ability of a software to function and given environmental conditions that helps in uncovering issues in the software design and functionality. This means the beta tester experience is very similar, if not identical, to final users – and ensures there are no major product design changes prior to release that could affect the tests. ; System Testing: evaluates both functional and non-functional needs for the testing. Describe the objectives supported by the Master Test Plan, For Example, defining tasks and responsibilities, a vehicle for communication, a document to be used as a service level agreement, etc. Dynamic Testing: Term used in software engineering to describe the testing of the dynamic behavior of code. The two most prominent testing stages are alpha and beta. Alpha Testing helps ensure the software is behaves as expected across a broader set of users and environments. It offers a number of tools that makes all the testing activities well arranged, helps to organize work, and control the overall state of the projects. The phases of alpha testing typically include: Planning: This phase involves defining the scope, objectives, and schedule for the alpha testing process. To improve overall product quality. Alpha testing may require long execution cycle. Alpha testing is a crucial stage in the software release life cycle, where a software product is tested in-house before it reaches beta testers or a wider audience. It’s a method of software testing which analyzes certain functionalities without letting testers see the internal code structure. 4. Mobile applications either come pre-introduced or can be introduced from portable programming dissemination stages. On the other hand, beta testing is done at the client’s site or by the product’s end user and doesn’t require a lab or testing environment. Pilot Testing is defined as a type of Software Testing that verifies a component of the system or the entire system under a real-time operating condition. The main goal of Alpha test is to fine. This is usually called alpha or beta testing. Software Testing. It usually followed by beta testing, which is a more extensive testing process that involves a larger group of users. For this reason, beta testing is valuable for practically any business that delivers software to an end user. It involves identifying any errors, gaps, or missing requirements that may negatively affect the software’s performance, usability, functionality, or security. It is defined as a type of software testing that determines whether the software can perform a failure free operation for a specific. The purpose of integration testing is to expose faults in the interaction between integrated units. It is. manual-testing; terminology; Share. 1. In summary, testing and debugging are two important activities in software engineering that are related but have distinct differences. Alpha testing involves both white box and black-box techniques. Software engineering is the process of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software. Domain requirements. Stress Testing Tools. TechTarget Contributor. What is Software Testing. Dig Deeper: Related Posts . Unit testing is also called white box testing. In this article, we will look into the characteristics of Software in detail. Sanity Testing is done on stable builds or for the introduced new features in the software. Verification is simply known as Static Testing. Alpha Testing is among the user acceptance testing. They consist in testing individual methods and functions of the classes, components, or modules used by your software. It is a time-saving process. Software Maintenance Fundamentals 5-1Mutation Testing with introduction, software development life cycle, design, development, testing, quality assurance, quality control, methods, black box testing, white box testing, etc. Pilot testing is the type of software testing where a group of users uses the software in totality before the final launch or deployment of the software. Step-5: Build Phase Testing –. The alpha testing phase involves a group of developers and testers who test the software application in a controlled environment. No feature development or enhancement of the software is undertaken and tightly scoped bug fixes are the only code. Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is a software testing type that involves testing and interacting with the software application correctly. 4) Beta testing The beta testing is also a part of the acceptance testing of the software. Alpha Testing. Courses. It is a combination of black box and white box testing because it involves access to internal coding to design test cases as white box testing and testing practices are done at functionality level as black box. In software development and engineering, testing plays a pivotal role in ensuring the final product is up to standard. View Notes Here - this session, I have explained one of the User Acceptance Testing types i. Main types of software requirement can be of 3 types: Functional requirements. Software is a collection of programs. System testing, also known as system-level testing, involves evaluating how the various components of an application interact in a fully integrated system. Testing objectives: Black box testing is mainly focused on testing the functionality of the software, ensuring that it meets the requirements and specifications. Here, the software developers use a hardware or hardware-aided debugger to detect the bugs. Integration Testing. Smoke Testing firstly performs on the initial build. The following table summarizes and compares some relevant characteristics of white-box and black-box testing: 6. Severity is a parameter to denote the impact of a particular defect on the software. Alpha Testing should identify show-stoppers that will prevent Beta Testing. Lots of bugs, defects, and system crashes are expected, along with other problems like discovering missing features and documentation. What is White Box testing? White-box testing is a testing technique. Product is tested for business needs – user acceptability, business goals, rules and regulations, operations, etc. It comes after the unit testing, integration testing, etc. In manual testing, a tester carries out tests on the software by following a set of predefined test cases. A company needs to develop digital signal processing software for one of its newest inventions. The two most prominent testing stages are alpha and beta testing. As it is the first round of testing a new product or software solution goes through, alpha testing is concerned with finding any possible issues, bugs or mistakes, before progressing to user testing or market launch. Feedback is collected from the. Specific tests require a close understanding of code and the relevant system being run, while others don’t. Integration testing: Tests the interactions between different units or components of the software to ensure they work together correctly. Alpha testing is the first end-to-end testing of a product to ensure it meets the business requirements and functions correctly. The categorization of software testing is a part of diverse testing activities, such as test strategy, test deliverables, a defined test objective, etc. During this testing, the engineers test the product to find bugs or compatibility issues before creating a finished product. Acceptance CriteriaAlpha testing is an on-site user acceptance testing of the software product that is performed prior to release of the product to clients or users. In software engineering, alpha testing gives authorized users a special invitation to have a first look at the system. Software mungkin akan dirilis untuk pengujian lebih lanjut (misal beta testing) atau bahkan dirilis ke end user, tergantung pada evaluasi dan feedback yang diterima selama alpha testing. This testing is carried at the end user's location. Selecting an appropriate testing methodology is considered to be the core of the testing process. The different types of Software Testing. Reliability Testing is a testing technique that relates to test the ability of a software to function and given environmental conditions that helps in uncovering issues in the software design and functionality. Beta Testing is an Acceptance Testing type, which adds value to the product as the end-user (intended real user) validates the product for functionality, usability, reliability, and compatibility. Static Testing is a type of a Software Testing method which is performed to check the defects in software without actually executing the code of the software application. The testing process involves evaluating the features of the software product for requirements in terms of any missing. Checking the behavior of an application by applying some load is known as performance testing. A software release may be either public or private and generally constitutes the initial generation of a new or upgraded application. A product is tested as the whole focusing only on functional and non-functional needs. It tests what the product does. There are two ways for QAs to carry out tests: By manually executing test cases as mentioned in the written test plan. List all the tasks identified by this Test Plan, i. Explanation: Alpha testing is conducted at developer’s site. Beginners Guide To Software Testing Page 8 What makes a good tester? As software engineering is now being considered as a technical engineering profession, it is important that the software test engineer’s posses certain traits with a relentless attitude to make them stand out. The primary difference between an alpha test and a beta test is who is doing the testing—alpha tests are typically performed by internal employees in a lab or stage environment,. Alpha tests are carried out early in the development process by internal staff and are followed up with beta tests, in which a sampling of the intended audience actually tries the product out. Manual Testing is the Software Testing Technique that is carried out using the functions and features of an application. Alpha Testing formally. Updated September 16, 2023 Key Difference Between Alpha and Beta Testing Alpha Testing is performed by the Testers within the organization whereas Beta Testing is. The aim is to emulate the behavior of the real-users and the software. Categories of Tools 4-15 Matrix of Topics vs. Integration testing is testing in which a group of components is combined to produce output. It is hard to execute non-functional testing manually. Experienced testers can provide information that can be useful to developers,. Alpha testing is the first layer of testing that is performed by in-house testing teams using software testing tools in a laboratory environment so that user actions can be analyzed and measured. It acts as a confirmation of whether the quality assurance team can proceed with further testing. Smoke testing is also known as “Build Verification. It does not include the execution of the code. To provide enough free time to developers to fix. Follow edited Nov 18, 2015 at 12:50. Reliability growth models are useful tools for software engineers, as they can help to predict the reliability of a system over time and to guide the testing and improvement process. The two most prominent testing stages are alpha and beta testing. Knowledge level: Black box testing does not require. Testing in Software Engineering. The first stage in the Software Release Life Cycle is Pre-Alpha. Verification. Test automation in software testing is need of the hour. Jmeter: Apache JMeter is a stress testing tool is an open-source, pure Java-based software that is used to stress test websites. The purpose of having a testing type is to confirm the AUT (Application Under Test). They can also help organizations to make informed decisions about the allocation of resources, and to prioritize improvements to the system. What is the Difference Between Beta and Alpha Testing in Software Engineering? There are two main types of testing in software development: alpha testing and beta testing. Alpha Testing. It is an essential step in the software development lifecycle as it helps identify bugs and errors that may have been missed during the development process. Beta testing is done in normal environment and developers are not present during beta testing. Alpha testing is an internal checking done by the in-house development or QA team, rarely, by the customer himself. Alpha testing is done at the developer’s site while Beta testing is done at the client’s site. Software Engineering Questions and Answers – Software Testing Techniques – 1. A Computer Science portal for geeks. To understand these crucial stages, it’s necessary to learn about the significance of each phase, how they differ, and their roles in the software development. This testing determines whether the software or microchip design functions as expected or not. Alpha Testing. Beta testing helps in providing the actual position of the quality. This is the last phase of testing, after which the software goes into production. Black Box Testing is also known as functional testing, data-driven testing, and closed box testing. 1. In summary, testing and debugging are two important activities in software engineering that are related but have distinct differences. There are Two Categories of Software Testing. In this testing, feedback comes from some selected users. This article explores the core concepts of alpha testing, its role in software engineering, and how it compares to testing. Some advantages of conventional testing include: Flexibility: Manual testing allows for greater flexibility in terms of the types of tests that can be conducted, as testers can easily adapt to changes. 2. Testing performed by the client, stakeholder, and end-user. During this phase, the following aspects will be tested in the application −. Loop Testing. Decide the Effect size. Knowledge level: Black box testing does not require. The difference between Alpha and Beta Testing is as follows: Alpha Testing. Software Engineering is a subdomain of Engineering in which you learn to develop, designing, testing, and maintenance of software using a systematic and structured approach. Application Stress Testing: This testing concentrate on finding defects related to data locking and blocking, network issues and performance bottlenecks in an application. White Box Testing. Users and clients do it, and they are not the employees of any company or organization. What is Alpha Testing in Software Testing & Engineering. Beta testing not only offers an additional chance to catch bugs before release, but it does so in a real environment. It is defined as a type of software testing that determines whether the software can perform a failure free operation for a specific. System testing is generally done by developers and testers. Alpha testing is performed at the developer’s site. A Fault is a state that causes the software to fail and therefore it does not achieve its necessary function. Phases of Alpha Testing. Robustness testing is a quality assurance methodology focussed on testing the robustness of the software and helps in removing the reliability of the software by finding the corner cases by inputting the data that mimics the extreme environmental conditions to determine whether or not the system is robust enough to deliver the. Myth 1: Testing is Too Expensive. In engineering and its various subdisciplines, acceptance testing is a test conducted to determine if the requirements of a specification or contract are met. Difference between Alpha and Beta testing | Software Testing | Software engineering This video is about "Difference between alpha and Beta testing in Softwar. 2. Engineering. In the context of software engineering, debugging is the process of fixing a bug in the software. 👉Subscribe to our new channel:for SE notes:🔗Link-1: by: Sourav Bhagat. Functional testing is based on the business requirement. Tracking & re-testing the defects. Beta testing is done after alpha testing. Create sampling plans and determine the sample size. And software testing is the execution of the software to find defects. Examples:Other articles where software engineering is discussed: computer science: Software engineering: Software engineering is the discipline concerned with the application of theory, knowledge, and practice to building reliable software systems that satisfy the computing requirements of customers and users. Testing is conducted at the phase level in software development life cycle or at module level in program code. Adhoc testing is a type of software testing which is performed informally and randomly after the formal testing is completed to find out any loophole in the system. By. This will helps in your software is production-ready. In other words, it refers to identifying, analyzing, and removing errors. Black Box Testing and Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Black box testing has its own life cycle called Software Testing Life Cycle and it is relative to every stage of Software Development Life Cycle of Software Engineering. Alpha testing is performed by the alpha tester,. In the context of software engineering, debugging is the process of fixing a bug in the software. It encourages us to decide on the exertion expected to approve the nature of the application under test. It is carried out at developer's site by the group of skilled testers as well as developers, once the software development process reaches its culmination. Scalability Testing is defined as the ability of a network, system, application, product or a process to perform the function correctly when changes are made in the size or volume of the system to meet a growing need. It is. The development team performs this type of testing promptly in a safe setting. It mainly considers for critical software but it can also be used for all types of software applications. Improve this answer. Multiple test cycles are organized in alpha testing while in beta testing. Answer: (d) All of the above Explanation: Integration, Unit and System testing are various testing levels where the Unit testing is used to test each unit or an individual component of the software application. Non-functional requirements. In this testing, testers make test cases for the codes test the software, and give the final report about that software. Example:Alpha Testing is a kind of software testing performed to recognize bugs before releasing the merchandise to real users in order to the general public. The major benefit of NDT method is that it results in improved quality of. Detection of Errors: Positive testing helps detect any errors or defects in the software system and ensures that they are identified and fixed during the testing phase. Common Software Testing Techniques (with Examples) Note: For many of these different testing techniques to yield accurate, actionable results, they must be executed in environments that replicate the production stage as closely as possible. Application Stress Testing: Application stress testing also known as product stress testing is focused on identifying the performance bottleneck, and network issues in a software product. Project size estimation is a crucial aspect of software engineering, as it helps in planning and allocating resources for the project. Examples:Alpha Testing. Alpha testing is done to identify the bugs before the launch of the software to the public. The objective of Gray Box Testing is: To provide combined advantages of both black box testing and white box testing. In this article, let's find out what is Alpha Testing. Smoke Testing comes into the picture at the time of receiving build software from the development team. This set of Software Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Software Testing Strategies”. edited May 14, 2021 at 14:14. Comprehensive alpha tests make beta testing easier and allow both of these testing types to give greater coverage. Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing performed by the team in an organization to find as many defects as possible before releasing software to customers. The integration testing is used only after the functional testing is completed on each module of the application. Maintenance: Software project management emphasizes continuous product testing to find and repair defects early, tailor the end product to the needs of the client, and keep the project on track. It may involve chemical tests, physical tests, or. Repeat the above steps a few times. Stability Testing is a type of Software Testing to check the quality and behavior of the software in different environmental parameters. Staged Delivery Model: Construction of only one part of the project at a time. August 21, 2023. 2. Software Testing Services Ensure product quality and customer satisfaction. Black box testing can be applied to virtually every level of software testing: unit, integration, system, and acceptance. Preparation: This phase involves setting up the test environment, configuring the test cases, and preparing the test. Even though they both rely on real users and different team feedback, they are driven by. Alpha Testing. Acceptance testing is formal testing based on user requirements and function processing. Long execution cycles maybe require for alpha testing. A/B testing is testing the comparison of two outputs where a single unit has changed. Testing is performed to verify whether end-users requirements are fulfilled for acceptability. Software Engineering is a subdomain of Engineering in which you learn to develop, designing, testing, and maintenance of software using a systematic and structured approach. Feedback is gathers from of. An. It also. Acceptance testing of an aircraft catapult Six of the primary mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope being prepared for acceptance testing. Beta Testing. It aims at finding interfacing issues b/w the modules i. Alpha testing is typically performed by a group that is independent of the design team, but still within the company, e. In Alpha Testing, companies let a closed group of users test products determine how well they work as part of the production process. Feedback is collected from the users and. , testing, post-testing, problem reporting, etc. Manual testing or ad-hoc testing may be enough for small builds. Alpha testing used after all the testing. Reference Material 4-17 Chapter 5: Software Maintenance 5-1 1. Alpha Testing: Alpha testing is used to determine the product in the development testing environment by a specialized testers team usually called alpha testers. Beta testing is performed at the end-user, the of the product. Beta testing always is done after the alpha testing, and before releasing it into the market. In the case of a web application, alpha testing can be interpreted as an online application that has access via personal invitation, to gather initial. Beta testing: Beta testing is the system testing performed by a friendly set of customers. The difference between Verification and Validation is as follow: Verification. Decide the Effect size. Alpha testing is the testing phase of software engineering that is used to test new software or hardware on your own before releasing it to the public. The test plan fills in as a diagram to direct software testing exercises as a. After completing this course, you will have an understanding of the fundamental principles and processes of software testing. Alpha testing is performed by testers who are usually internal employees of the organization. It is done by real users. A Development phase may be planned that overlaps as follows: Beta weeks 1-2. Universal Engineering Sciences (now UES) brought Alpha Testing (Alpha) into the UES family in late 2021. 5. Manual testing is a type of testing in which we do not take the help of any tools (automation) to perform the testing. Beta Testing: Beta testing is used to assess the product by exposing it to the real end-users, usually called beta testers in their environment. Black box testing can be applied to virtually every. It is typically performed by testing teams. It’s a method of software testing which analyzes certain functionalities without letting testers see the internal code structure. During alpha testing,. These all phases go through the process of levels of testing in software testing. CS 410/510 - Software Engineering. Only a few weeks are required for the execution of beta testing. Jira is an open-source platform used in manual testing for bug tracking, project management, and problem tracking. Pilot doesn’t require a lab but environment is required. Security Testing is a type of Software Testing that uncovers vulnerabilities in the system and determines that the data and resources of the system are protected from possible intruders. This is a preliminary software testing where the system users work closely with the developers to inspect and test the system at the engineer’s site or workplace. It is applicable to small-, medium-, and. Integration testing is the second level of testing in which we test a group of related modules. Alpha testing is done by the Client and the Client's team of testers and members of the organization. Dynamic Testing: Term used in software engineering to describe the testing of the dynamic behavior of code. Alpha testing is performed at the end of software development and before Beta Testing. Most technical products go through the Alpha, Beta, and Delta Testing phases of Customer Validation during their development. Courses. Early testing saves both time and cost in many aspects, however reducing the cost. It is typically performed by internal employees and conducted in a lab/stage environment. It outlines the test strategy, objectives, test schedule, required resources (human resources, software, and hardware), test estimation and test deliverables. , Chapter 8. Alpha releases are unfinished. Alpha testing is a form of acceptance testing; this means it aims to assess how the program performs and if the functionality is strong enough to satisfy end users and their. Beta Testing. It is conducted as a kind of Black Box testing where the number of required users involved testing the acceptance level of the system. This is also called User Acceptance Testing (UAT). Testing in Software Engineering. Gamma Testing: Gamma Testing is done when software is ready for release with specified requirements, this testing done directly by skipping all the in-house testing activities. The aim of software testing is to measure the quality of software in terms of a number of defects found in it, the number of tests run and the system covered by the tests. Alpha testing does not test the dependability, security, and robustness of the. Courses. Software testing is a process of identifying the correctness of software by considering its all attributes (Reliability, Scalability, Portability, Re-usability, Usability) and evaluating the execution of software components to find the software bugs or errors or defects. Alpha tests are run to find bugs. Exploratory testing is an approach to software testing that is concisely described as simultaneous learning, test design and test execution. In this technique, an application is intentionally made to fail to check the robustness and identify the points of failure. Wood, steel, plastic, paints, are. Alpha testing alpha, beta and acknowledgment tests in the different testing exercises that have been depicted up to this point, clients play had supporting. Data Flow Testing 3. Stress Testing is testing used to check the accessibility and robustness of software beyond usual functional limits. Alpha tests are run to find bugs that may occur. Alpha Testing. Smoke testing is a process where the software build is deployed to a quality. In other words, it refers to identifying, analyzing, and removing errors. Relation. White box testing is mainly focused on ensuring that the internal code of the software is correct and efficient. Alpha test is a preliminary software field test carried out by a team of users to find out the bugs that were not found previously by other tests. Unit testing is a type of software testing that focuses on individual units or components of a software system. Smoke tests are a minimum set of tests run on each build. In the SDLC model, there are personalized phases such as requirement meeting, analysis, coding, design, execution, testing, and deployment. If p-value < alpha, then we reject the null hypothesis. Ultimately, the software is interfaced with other software/hardware systems. According to a 2020-21 World Quality Report, automation testing tools can save time, enhance coverage, minimize human errors, and improve testing capabilities. In a waterfall development system, Software Testers may be called in after an application has been created to see if it has any bugs and how it performs. Testing is the most common quality assurance strategy applied in software development. Functional Requirements: These are the requirements that the end user specifically demands as basic facilities that the system should offer. It is used to authenticate a code change in the software does not impact the existing functionality of the product. Overall, it’s conducted by testers who are present internally within a company or organization and often conducted in laboratory-like conditions and surroundings. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2016 p-ISSN: 2395-0072. Software testing involves appraising the system functionalities to determine that they behave as expected, e. In the second phase of alpha testing, the. Sanfoundry. It is of four types – Big-bang, top-down, bottom-up, and Hybrid. a. Alpha testing does not check the security and reliability of the product while Beta testing checks for the security and reliability of the product in depth by the end users. Step #2 – Create the tests and execute them. Alpha Testing can be defined as a form of acceptance testing carried out to identify various types of issues or bugs before publishing the build or executable of the software public. Explanation: The test plan is a base of every software's testing. Priority means how fast the defect has to be fixed. Beta testing performs in the absence of tester and the presence of real users. Steps to Perform WBT. The objective is to take unit-tested components and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. The disadvantages of Alpha testing in software engineering include: If the defects stay uncovered, they will remain in the software application. Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Version 3. Software testing comprises of Validation and Verification. Alpha testing is carried out on-site by the developer; it requires a testing environment or lab environment at all times. Acceptance testing: After the software has been delivered, the customer performed acceptance testing to determine whether to accept the delivered software or reject it. It is designed to test the readiness of a system as per nonfunctional parameters which are never addressed by. And that programs are developed by software engineers. Which of the following testing technique can be used in order to determine the validation test? a) Black-box Testing b) White-box Testing c) Yellow- box Testing d) All of the above4. Software Testing Overview. It is comparable to user acceptance testing, another kind of quality control. Manual testing is time-consuming testing because it is done by humans and there is a chance of human. Examples, How To Do, Types/Approaches, Differences. Alpha tests are the type of test run against a program at the end of development when the program is almost ready for use. This is also called User Acceptance Testing (UAT). The process of software testing aims. Conclusion. logrocket. Sanity testing was performed when we are receiving software build (with minor code changes) from the development team. Beta testing of the software is carried out together with all other testing tools: computer or other device and the rest of the applications. Choose the appropriate statistical test. Software testing can also provide an objective,. It is generally carried out right after software development before the software is handed over for Beta testing by real users external to the company.